TOC Sections

Introduction
Echo machine
Obtain best image
Anatomy
TOE (TEE) exam
TTE exam
Doppler
Haemodynamic state
Ventricles
Valves
Great vessels
Pericardium and pleura
US guided nerve blocks
US guided vascular access
Education and training
References
Glossary
Index

Related

Order Form
Set Video Player to Play a Loop

Diploma Echocardiography
Diploma FAQ
Hands on Workshops

UoMEcho book

 

Pocket Guide to Perioperative and Critical Care Echocardiography
CD Videos and Graphics
See the Graphics and Videos on the CD distributed with this book

Videos require QuickTime viewer QuickTime Also, videos available in Windows Media AVI WMAand Flash Flashstreaming files or download iPod iPod Click on one of these icons for these files. To set the video playback as a repeating loop video.

Table of Contents

Order a copy PDF

Chapter 1: Ultrasound in perioperative and critical care clinical practice
Videos
1. Mitral Valve. Colour Doppler interrogation of a myxomatous mitral valve WMAFlash iPod with a prolapse posterior leaflet and eccentric regurgitation .WMAFlash iPod Following repairWMA Flash iPod with a quadrangular resection, sliding leaflet repair and annuloplasty ring showing minimal residual regurgitation.
2. Cardiac tamponade WMAFlash iPod with a collapsed right atrium and right ventricle following coronary surgery.
3. Hypovolaemia.WMAFlash iPod And underfilled left ventricle demonstrating complete emptying of the left ventricle at the end of systole.
4. Vasodilation. Hyperdynamic WMAFlash iPod left ventricular function in a septic patient.
5. Inferior systolic wall motion abnormality. Views in the 2 chamber WMAFlash iPod and mid papillary WMAFlash iPod view.

Graphics
1. Abdominal aortic aneurysm within your thrombus.
2. Abdominal aortic dissection.
3. Normal FAST examination of the right upper quadrant.
4. Positive FAST in Morrisons pouch.

Chapter 2: Understanding the echocardiography machine
No videos.

Chapter 3: Obtaining the best ultrasound image
Videos
1. Thickness artefact. WMAFlash iPod Highly reflective object outside the plane of the scan can still cause reflection of the ultrasound beam and be registered as though it were in the scan plane.
2. Side lobe artefact. WMAFlash iPod A central ultrasound beam is associated with a secondary beam on either side. The side lobe beams have less intensity, but if they encounter a strong reflector surface, they may produce an image. The ultrasound machine will assume that this image has come from the central beam.
3. Side lobe artefact 2. WMAFlash iPod
4. Dropout artefact. WMAFlash iPod This results from signal attenuation caused by inadequate time gain compensation or too high a frequency for the probe being used resulting in poor visualisation of distant structures.
5. Shadowing artefact. WMAFlash iPod High levels of acoustic reflection or absorption between the transducer and the region of interest, may result in shadowing artefacts, particularly at an area of change in tissue density.
6. Reverberation artefact. WMAFlash iPod Multiple reflections between surfaces (typically the object of interest and the transducer), may result in a second image of this object at exactly twice the distance from the transducer. This is caused by the ultrasound signal being reflected from the object back to the transducer and then from the transducer back to the object and then back to the transducer once more. This takes twice the time, therefore the signal is interpreted as being twice the distance from the transducer.
7. Mirror artefact. WMAFlash iPod A false image may be generated as a result of the transmitted sound passed deflecting from multiple surfaces before returning to the transducer.
8. Refraction artefact. WMAFlash iPod The ultrasound ways may bend as it enters or leaves and interface at an angle.
9. Noise artefact.WMAFlash iPod An artefact generated by acoustic or electrical interference.
10. Aliasing. WMAFlash iPod This occurs when the velocity of the flow or the tissue exceeds the limit that had been set by the user on the scale. The velocity that is greater than the upper limit, for example, is then displayed at the lower limit of the scale. Or in the case of colour flow, velocities toward the transducer that exceed the upper limit, may be then displayed as velocities at the lowest limit and so flow in one direction can have a mixture of colours (Red becomes Blue or vice versa).

Graphics
1. Thickness artefact. Highly reflective object outside the plane of the scan can still cause reflection of the ultrasound beam and be registered as though it were in the scan plane.
2. Side lobe artefact. A central ultrasound beam is associated with a secondary beam on either side. The side lobe beams have less intensity, but if they encounter a strong reflector surface, they may produce an image. The ultrasound machine will assume that this image has come from the central beam.
3. Side lobe artefact 2.
4. Dropout artefact. This results from signal attenuation caused by inadequate time gain compensation or too high a frequency for the probe being used resulting in poor visualisation of distant structures.
5. Shadowing artefact. High levels of acoustic reflection or absorption between the transducer and the region of interest, may result in shadowing artefacts, particularly at an area of change in tissue density.
6. Reverberation artefact. Multiple reflections between surfaces (typically the object of interest and the transducer), may result in a second image of this object at exactly twice the distance from the transducer. This is caused by the ultrasound signal being reflected from the object back to the transducer and then from the transducer back to the object and then back to the transducer once more. This takes twice the time, therefore the signal is interpreted as being twice the distance from the transducer.
7. Mirror artefact. A false image may be generated as a result of the transmitted sound passed deflecting from multiple surfaces before returning to the transducer.
8. Refraction artefact. The ultrasound ways may bend as it enters or leaves and interface at an angle.
9. Noise artefact. An artefact generated by acoustic or electrical interference.
10. Aliasing. This occurs when the velocity of the flow or the tissue exceeds the limit that had been set by the user on the scale. The velocity that is greater than the upper limit, for example, is then displayed at the lower limit of the scale. Or in the case of colour flow, velocities toward the transducer that exceed the upper limit, may be then displayed as velocities at the lowest limit and so flow in one direction can have a mixture of colours (Red becomes Blue or vice versa). PW Doppler. Colour Doppler.

Chapter 4: Core anatomy for echocardiography
No videos or graphics.

Chapter 5: Standard transoesophageal echocardiography examination
Videos and Graphics
20 standard views of transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE or TEE)
1. Mid-oesophageal aortic valve short axis (MO AV SAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
2. Mid-oesophageal right ventricular inflow and outflow (MO RV inflow outflow) WMAFlash iPod Image
3. Mid-oesophageal aortic valve long axis (MO AV LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
4. Mid-oesophageal bicaval (MO bicaval) WMAFlash iPod Image
5. Mid-oesophageal 4 chamber (MO 4C) WMAFlash iPod Image
6. Mid-oesophageal mitral commissural (MO mitral commissural) WMAFlash iPod Image
7. Mid-oesophageal 2 chamber (MO 2C) WMAFlash iPod Image
8. Mid-oesophageal long axis (MO LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
9. Mid-oesophageal ascending aortic short axis (MO asc aortic SAX)WMAFlash iPod Image
10. Mid-oesophageal ascending aortic long axis (MO asc aortic LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
11. Mid-oesophageal descending aortic short axis (MO desc aortic SAX)WMAFlash iPod Image
12. Upper oesophageal aortic arch long axis (UO aortic arch LAX) WMAFlash iPodImage
13. Upper oesophageal aortic arch short axis (UO aortic arch SAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
14. Mid-oesophageal descending aortic long axis (MO desc aortic LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
15. Trans-gastric basal short axis (TG basal SAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
16. Transgastric long axis (TG LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
17. Transgastric mid shot axis (TG mid SAX) WMAFlash iPod Image
18. Transgastric to chamber (TG 2C) WMAFlash iPod Image
19. Transgastric right ventricular inflow (TG RV inflow) WMAFlash iPod Image
20. Deep transgastric long axis (Deep TG LAX) WMAFlash iPod Image

Non standard views
Mid ascending aorta WMAFlash iPod Image
Non standard 5 chamber WMAFlash iPod Image
Mid-oesophageal 5 chamber WMAFlash iPod Image
Coronary sinus WMAFlash iPod Image
Screen representations

Correlations between the true anatomical orientation and the image displayed on the screen

Chapter 6: Standard transthoracic echocardiography examination
Videos
1. Parasternal views
Parasternal long axis left ventricle WMAFlash iPod
Parasternal long axis right ventricular inflow WMAFlash iPod
Parasternal short axis apical left ventricle WMAFlash iPod
Parasternal short axis mid papillary left ventricle WMAFlash iPod
Parasternal basal left ventricle WMAFlash iPod
Parasternal short axis aortic valve WMAFlash iPod

2. Apical views
Apical 4 chamber WMAFlash iPod
Apical 5 chamber WMAFlash iPod
Apical 2 chamber WMAFlash iPod
Apical long axis WMAFlash iPod

3. Subcostal views
Subcostal 4 chamber WMAFlash iPod
Subcostal short axis left ventricle mid papillary WMAFlash iPod
Subcostal short axis aortic valve WMAFlash iPod
Subcostal right atrial inflow IVC WMAFlash iPod
Subcostal descending aorta WMAFlash iPod

4. Suprasternal view
Suprasternal aortic arch WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 7: Introduction to Doppler imaging and equations
No videos or graphics

Chapter 8: Assessing the basic haemodynamic state
Videos and Graphics
1. Filling and function
TOE - TG mid WMAFlash iPod Image
TTE - PLAX WMAFlash iPod Image
2. Estimation of the left atrial pressure via the Internet atrial septal motion (TOE)
Low LAP WMAFlash iPod
Normal LAP WMAFlash iPod Image
High LAP WMAFlash iPod Image
3. Haemodynamic states
Normal haemodynamic state
TG LV WMAFlash iPod Image
Interatrial septum WMAFlash iPod
Empty (hypovolaemia) state
TG LV WMAFlash iPod Image
Interatrial septum WMAFlash iPod
Primary diastolic failure
TG LV WMAFlash iPod Image
Interatrial septum WMAFlash iPod
Primary systolic failure
TG LV WMAFlash iPod Image
Interatrial septum WMAFlash iPod
Systolic and diastolic failure
TTE 4C WMAFlash iPod Image
Vasodilation
TG LV WMAFlash iPod Image
Interatrial septum WMAFlash iPod
Right ventricular failure
RV volume overload WMAFlash iPod
Biatrial enlargement WMAFlash iPod
TTE 4C WMAFlash iPod
Image

Chapter 9: Problems with ventricles
Ischaemic heart disease WMAFlash iPod
Dilated cardiomyopathy
DCM A4C WMAFlash iPod
DCM PLAX WMAFlash iPod
Restrictive cardiomyopathy WMAFlash iPod
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HOCM PSAX WMAFlash iPod
HOCM PLAX WMAFlash iPod
HOCM SAM WMAFlash iPod
Regional wall motion abnormalities WMAFlash iPod
Thrombus
left ventricular aneurysm WMAFlash iPod
left ventricular aneurysm thrombus WMAFlash iPod
left ventricular apical thrombus WMAFlash iPod
left atrial appendage thrombus WMAFlash iPod
Vegetations
aortic valve LAXWMAFlash iPod
aortic valve SAX WMAFlash iPod
aortic valve LAX with regurgitation WMAFlash iPod
Tumours
LA Myxoma 2C WMAFlash iPod
LA Myxoma AV SAX WMAFlash iPod
LA Myxoma CFD WMAFlash iPod
AV Fibroelastoma WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 10: Problems with valves
Degenerative calcific aortic valve stenosis WMAFlash iPod
Bicuspid valve
Bicuspid AV SAX WMAFlash iPod
Bicuspid AV LAX WMAFlash iPod
Mitral stenosis
Rheumatic MV WMAFlash iPod
Rheumatic MV CFD WMAFlash iPod
Mitral regurgitation
Myxomatous MV prolapse WMAFlash iPod
MV prolapse CFD WMAFlash iPod
HOCM MV SAM WMAFlash iPod
MV papillary muscle rupture WMAFlash iPod
Tricuspid regurgitation WMAFlash iPod
Bioprosthetic valves
Bioprosthetic AV WMAFlash iPod
Prosthetic MV paravalvular leak WMAFlash iPod
Endocarditis
Native AV endocarditis with prolapse WMAFlash iPod
Native AV endocarditis CFD WMAFlash iPod
Native AV endocarditis WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 11: Problems with great vessels
Thoracic aorta WMAFlash iPod
Aortic dilation WMAFlash iPod
Aortic dissection
Ascending aortic dissection WMAFlash iPod
Ascending aortic dissection CFD WMAFlash iPod
Ascending aortic dissection AI WMAFlash iPod
Descending aortic dissection WMAFlash iPod
Acute aortic syndrome
Aortic intramural haematoma LAX WMAFlash iPod
Aortic intramural haematoma SAX WMAFlash iPod
Epiaortic ultrasound assessment of atheroma WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 12: Problems with pericardium and pleura
Videos
Pericardial anatomy
Oblique sinus WMAFlash iPod
Transverse sinus WMAFlash iPod
Acute tamponade WMAFlash iPod
Case example
Normal LV TG mid SAX WMAFlash iPod
Normal LV MO 4C WMAFlash iPod
Pericardial effusion TG mid SAX WMAFlash iPod
Tamponade MO 4C WMAFlash iPod

Graphics
Doppler transmitral diastolic flow showing exaggerated respiratory variation

Chapter 13: Ultrasound guided regional anaesthesia
Intercalene region WMAFlash iPod
Supraclavicular region WMAFlash iPod
Infraclavicular region WMAFlash iPod
Axillary region
Upper arm WMAFlash iPod
Doppler WMAFlash iPod
Injection with local anaesthetic WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 14: Ultrasound guided vascular access
Find and mark technique for femoral artery cannulation. WMAFlash iPod The femoral vein is being compressed to differentiated from the artery.
Needle insertion. This video demonstrates movement of the needle as it is passing through the tissues and compression of the vein before it punctures it.
Needle movement WMAFlash iPod
Vein puncture WMAFlash iPod
Internal jugular vein cannulation at various levels.
Angle of the jaw WMAFlash iPod
Cricothyroid membrane WMAFlash iPod
Supraclavicular WMAFlash iPod
Right femoral vessels WMAFlash iPod
Radial artery cannulation
Needle penetrating forearm fascia WMAFlash iPod
Needle glancing off radial artery WMAFlash iPod
Needle tip compressing radial artery WMAFlash iPod
Brachial vein cannulation
Veins near the elbow WMAFlash iPod
Superficial veins being compressed WMAFlash iPod
Superficial vein CFD WMAFlash iPod

Chapter 15: Education and training

References on further reading 

Glossary 

Index

Order a copyPDF

(c) Heartweb.com.au 2007| Whats New | Training | Publications | Research | Profiles | DMD | Results | Contact Us